tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78412564858868346572024-03-08T06:55:02.744-08:00PatologiStephanusRiovandyChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02199079841807040371noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7841256485886834657.post-42237980914886059902011-06-21T19:30:00.003-07:002011-06-21T19:30:29.463-07:00Darah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DARAH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah adalah jaringan tubuh yang kompleks dan terdiri dari :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPONEN SEL:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah merah yang disebut ERITROSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah putih yang disebut LEKOSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pecahan dari sel yang disebut TROMBOSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPONEN CAIR:- PLASMA Terdiri dari:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">92% air dan garam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Protein,yang meliputi:albumin, globulin, factor pembekuan darah dan transport protein.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>% lemak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SEL DARAH MERAH (ERITROSIT) :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 35.45pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat didalam SUMSUM TULANG dan prosesnya disebut :ERITROPHOESIS selanjutnya masuk kedalam aliran darah tepi. Didalam aliran darah tepi sel darah merah akan kehilangan intinya, dan ini merupakan satu-satunya sel dalam tubuh yang tidak berinti. Dengan hilangnya inti tersebut, sel akan berbentuk BIKONKAV, dan ini merupakan suatu keuntungan karena sel darah merah jadi lebih fleksibel. Sel darah merah mengandung hemoglobin didalamnya (95%), dan ini yang memberikan warna merah. Fungsi sel darah merah ini adalah <sup>O2 </sup>dan <sup>C02</sup> dari dank e jaringan tubuh. Dalam aliran darah, eritrosit ini hanya berumur 120 hari, dan setelah itu dipecah dalam jaringan RES(Reticulo Endothelial System), menjadi ion Fe, protein (globin) dan bilirubin. Ion Fe dan globin akan dipakai lagi untuk pembentukan sel eritrosit selanjutnya. Sedangkan bilirubin akan dibuang ke luar tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eritrosit<span> </span> 4.330.000-5.950.000/<sup>mm3</sup> (pria)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3.900.000-4.820.000/<sup>mm3</sup> (wanita)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemoglobin (Hb):<span> </span>13,4-17,7 gr% (pria)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>11,4-15,1 gr% (wanita)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eritrosit <span> </span>:bentuk :target sel, oval sel, <span> </span>sickle sel,dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah :bila meningkat disebut ERITROSIS.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Bila menurun disebut ERITROPHENIA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemoglobin :bila meningkat disebut POLICITHEMIA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Bila menurun disebut ANEMIA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SEL DARAH PUTIH(LEKOSIT):<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat juga dalam SUMSUM TULANG dan prosesnya dinamakan : LEKOPHOESIS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi lekosit adalah untuk pertahanan dan kekebalan tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Poli Morpho Nuklear(PMN GRANULOSIT)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Usianya hanya beberapa jam hingga hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara Romanosky, reaksi granula di bagi menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NEUTROPHIL stab/segmen.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EOSINOPHIL.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BASOPHIL.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Lymposit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat di sumsum tulang dan kelenjar tymus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beredar di pembuluh darah, pembuluh lymphe dan lien.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Usianya:tahun sebagai memori sel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada 2 jenis, T dan B lymphosit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.Monosit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memphagosit mikro organisme dan sel tumor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghasilkan: komplemen, prostatglandininterferon,dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4700-10.300/<sup>mm3</sup>(pria)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4300-11.300/<sup>mm3</sup>(wanita)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila meningkat disebut LEKOSITOSIS.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila menurun disebut LEKOPHENI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TROMBOSIT(PLATELET):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berasal dari pevahan sel megakariosit dalam sumsum tulang, kemudian masuk ke aliran darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berfungsi pada system pembekuan darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Usianya sekitar 10 hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal :150.000-350.000/<sup>mm3</sup> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila meningkat disebut TROMBOSITOSIS.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila menurun TROMBOPHENI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ALBUMIN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diproduksi oleh HEPAR</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan tekanan osmotic plasma, sehingga cairan dan solute tetap berada dalam pembuluh darah. Apabila kadar albumin dalam darah menurun maka tekanan osmotic dalam plasma akan menurun sehingga cairan akan keluar lewat dinding pembuluh darah dan terjadilah OEDEM.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat transportasi beberapa hormone dan metabolic dalam darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig/ANTIBODI):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada 5 macam imonoglobulin :IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diproduksi oleh liver, B Lyphosit, dan plasma sel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya sebagai pertahanan tubuh, dengan mengikatkan diri pada kuman dan menarik macrophage untuk melakukan pagositosis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKTOR PEMBEKUAN DARAH :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari 12 macam factor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat didalam liver.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila kadarnya menurun dapat berakibat perdarahan, misalnya defisiansi F.VIII yang dikenal dengan penyakit HEMOPILIA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRANSPORT PROTEIN :<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian nama protein ini menurut bahan yang diangkutnya, misalnya :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HIPOPROTEIN yang di angkut :lemak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRANSCOBALAMIN yang diangkut:vitamin B12.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRANSFERIN yang diangkut :ion Fe.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN DARAH:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang termasuk pemeriksaan DARAH LENGKAP(DL) atau pemeriksaan darah rutin adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan laju endap darah(LED).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kadar Hemoglobin(Hb).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung jumlah lekosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung jumlah tropmbosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung jenis lekosit(differential coup).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan darah yang lain diantaranya adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung jumlah eritrosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan golongan darah/rhesus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN LAJU ENDAP DARAH(LED):</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara WINTROBE:darah EDTA dihisap ke dalam tabung wintrobe hingga titik nol. Setelah 60 menit dilakukan pembacaan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal :10mm/jam. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung wintrobe :panjang 120 mm, diameter 2,5 mm, skala 0-100 dari atas kebawah dan sebaliknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara WESTEGREEN: Darah EDTA di tambah larutan PZ (4vol drh+1volt PZ).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah 60 menit dilakukan pembacaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: 2-13 mm/jam(pria).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>2-20 mm/jam (wanita).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung westegreen :panjang 300 mm, diameter 2,5 mm, skala 0-200mm.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebih sensitive karena tabung panjang dan sempit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN (Hb):</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CYANAMETHIC</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dipakai larutan DRABSKIN, dan dibaca dengan fotometer dilaborat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan cara pengukuran yang STANDARD, sebab semua jenis Hb terukur,kecuali HbS(Sult Hb).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SAHLE</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah di campur dengan 0,1 Hcl akan membentuk asam hematin yang sesuai dengan kadar hemoglobin. Setelah dicampur rata tunggu 3-5 menit,kemudian beri aquadest hingga warna coklatnya sama dengan blok warna yang ada. Permukaan aquades sesuai dengan warna Hb.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarnya kesalahan 6-10 % dan sebagai sumber kesalahan adalah :volume darah yang kurang tepat, kadar Hcl yang tidak tepat, campuran darah dan Hcl yang tidak di tunggu 3-5 menit, dan blok warna indicator yang telah lama dan membutuhkan kalbrasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PERHITUNGAN JUMLAH ERITROSIT, LEKOSIT DAN TROMBOSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>ERI<span> </span>LEKO<span> </span>TROMBO</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet:<span> </span>Piper eritrosit<span> </span>Pipet lekosit<span> </span>Pipet eritrosit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelarut:<span> </span>Hayem <span> </span>Turk<span> </span>Reesecker</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenceran:<span> </span>200 kali<span> </span>20 kali<span> </span>200 kali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(0,5-101)<span> </span>(0,5-11)<span> </span>(0,5-10)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan:<span> </span>10.000 N/<sup>mm3<span> </span></sup>50 N/<sup>mm3</sup><span> </span>500 N/<sup>mm3</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembesaran:<span> </span>40 kali<span> </span>10 Kali<span> </span>40 kali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HITUNG JENIS LEKOSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat hapusan darah terlebih dahulu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat hapusan darah yang baik:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 106.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjang hapusan 1/3-2/3 panjang kaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 106.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tepi hapusan tidak boleh berlubang dan bergaris.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 106.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lekosit harus tersebar rata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 106.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eritosit saling bertumpukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal :Ec / Ba /Stab /Seg /Ly /Mo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>1-3<span> </span>0-1<span> </span>2-6<span> </span>50-70 20-40 2-8%</span></div>StephanusRiovandyChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02199079841807040371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7841256485886834657.post-21976420656094194922011-06-21T19:27:00.001-07:002011-06-21T19:27:58.931-07:00Darah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DARAH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah adalah jaringan tubuh yang kompleks dan terdiri dari :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPONEN SEL:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah merah yang disebut ERITROSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah putih yang disebut LEKOSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pecahan dari sel yang disebut TROMBOSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPONEN CAIR:- PLASMA Terdiri dari:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">92% air dan garam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Protein,yang meliputi:albumin, globulin, factor pembekuan darah dan transport protein.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>% lemak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SEL DARAH MERAH (ERITROSIT) :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 35.45pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat didalam SUMSUM TULANG dan prosesnya disebut :ERITROPHOESIS selanjutnya masuk kedalam aliran darah tepi. Didalam aliran darah tepi sel darah merah akan kehilangan intinya, dan ini merupakan satu-satunya sel dalam tubuh yang tidak berinti. Dengan hilangnya inti tersebut, sel akan berbentuk BIKONKAV, dan ini merupakan suatu keuntungan karena sel darah merah jadi lebih fleksibel. Sel darah merah mengandung hemoglobin didalamnya (95%), dan ini yang memberikan warna merah. Fungsi sel darah merah ini adalah <sup>O2 </sup>dan <sup>C02</sup> dari dank e jaringan tubuh. Dalam aliran darah, eritrosit ini hanya berumur 120 hari, dan setelah itu dipecah dalam jaringan RES(Reticulo Endothelial System), menjadi ion Fe, protein (globin) dan bilirubin. Ion Fe dan globin akan dipakai lagi untuk pembentukan sel eritrosit selanjutnya. Sedangkan bilirubin akan dibuang ke luar tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eritrosit<span> </span> 4.330.000-5.950.000/<sup>mm3</sup> (pria)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3.900.000-4.820.000/<sup>mm3</sup> (wanita)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemoglobin (Hb):<span> </span>13,4-17,7 gr% (pria)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>11,4-15,1 gr% (wanita)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eritrosit <span> </span>:bentuk :target sel, oval sel, <span> </span>sickle sel,dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah :bila meningkat disebut ERITROSIS.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Bila menurun disebut ERITROPHENIA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemoglobin :bila meningkat disebut POLICITHEMIA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Bila menurun disebut ANEMIA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SEL DARAH PUTIH(LEKOSIT):<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat juga dalam SUMSUM TULANG dan prosesnya dinamakan : LEKOPHOESIS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi lekosit adalah untuk pertahanan dan kekebalan tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Poli Morpho Nuklear(PMN GRANULOSIT)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Usianya hanya beberapa jam hingga hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara Romanosky, reaksi granula di bagi menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NEUTROPHIL stab/segmen.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EOSINOPHIL.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BASOPHIL.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Lymposit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat di sumsum tulang dan kelenjar tymus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beredar di pembuluh darah, pembuluh lymphe dan lien.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Usianya:tahun sebagai memori sel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada 2 jenis, T dan B lymphosit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.Monosit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memphagosit mikro organisme dan sel tumor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghasilkan: komplemen, prostatglandininterferon,dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4700-10.300/<sup>mm3</sup>(pria)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4300-11.300/<sup>mm3</sup>(wanita)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila meningkat disebut LEKOSITOSIS.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila menurun disebut LEKOPHENI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TROMBOSIT(PLATELET):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berasal dari pevahan sel megakariosit dalam sumsum tulang, kemudian masuk ke aliran darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berfungsi pada system pembekuan darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Usianya sekitar 10 hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal :150.000-350.000/<sup>mm3</sup> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila meningkat disebut TROMBOSITOSIS.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila menurun TROMBOPHENI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ALBUMIN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diproduksi oleh HEPAR</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan tekanan osmotic plasma, sehingga cairan dan solute tetap berada dalam pembuluh darah. Apabila kadar albumin dalam darah menurun maka tekanan osmotic dalam plasma akan menurun sehingga cairan akan keluar lewat dinding pembuluh darah dan terjadilah OEDEM.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat transportasi beberapa hormone dan metabolic dalam darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig/ANTIBODI):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada 5 macam imonoglobulin :IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diproduksi oleh liver, B Lyphosit, dan plasma sel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya sebagai pertahanan tubuh, dengan mengikatkan diri pada kuman dan menarik macrophage untuk melakukan pagositosis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKTOR PEMBEKUAN DARAH :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari 12 macam factor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat didalam liver.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila kadarnya menurun dapat berakibat perdarahan, misalnya defisiansi F.VIII yang dikenal dengan penyakit HEMOPILIA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRANSPORT PROTEIN :<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian nama protein ini menurut bahan yang diangkutnya, misalnya :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HIPOPROTEIN yang di angkut :lemak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRANSCOBALAMIN yang diangkut:vitamin B12.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRANSFERIN yang diangkut :ion Fe.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN DARAH:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang termasuk pemeriksaan DARAH LENGKAP(DL) atau pemeriksaan darah rutin adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan laju endap darah(LED).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kadar Hemoglobin(Hb).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung jumlah lekosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung jumlah tropmbosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung jenis lekosit(differential coup).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan darah yang lain diantaranya adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung jumlah eritrosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan golongan darah/rhesus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN LAJU ENDAP DARAH(LED):</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara WINTROBE:darah EDTA dihisap ke dalam tabung wintrobe hingga titik nol. Setelah 60 menit dilakukan pembacaan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal :10mm/jam. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung wintrobe :panjang 120 mm, diameter 2,5 mm, skala 0-100 dari atas kebawah dan sebaliknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara WESTEGREEN: Darah EDTA di tambah larutan PZ (4vol drh+1volt PZ).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah 60 menit dilakukan pembacaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal: 2-13 mm/jam(pria).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>2-20 mm/jam (wanita).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung westegreen :panjang 300 mm, diameter 2,5 mm, skala 0-200mm.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebih sensitive karena tabung panjang dan sempit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN (Hb):</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CYANAMETHIC</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dipakai larutan DRABSKIN, dan dibaca dengan fotometer dilaborat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan cara pengukuran yang STANDARD, sebab semua jenis Hb terukur,kecuali HbS(Sult Hb).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SAHLE</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah di campur dengan 0,1 Hcl akan membentuk asam hematin yang sesuai dengan kadar hemoglobin. Setelah dicampur rata tunggu 3-5 menit,kemudian beri aquadest hingga warna coklatnya sama dengan blok warna yang ada. Permukaan aquades sesuai dengan warna Hb.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarnya kesalahan 6-10 % dan sebagai sumber kesalahan adalah :volume darah yang kurang tepat, kadar Hcl yang tidak tepat, campuran darah dan Hcl yang tidak di tunggu 3-5 menit, dan blok warna indicator yang telah lama dan membutuhkan kalbrasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PERHITUNGAN JUMLAH ERITROSIT, LEKOSIT DAN TROMBOSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>ERI<span> </span>LEKO<span> </span>TROMBO</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet:<span> </span>Piper eritrosit<span> </span>Pipet lekosit<span> </span>Pipet eritrosit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelarut:<span> </span>Hayem <span> </span>Turk<span> </span>Reesecker</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenceran:<span> </span>200 kali<span> </span>20 kali<span> </span>200 kali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(0,5-101)<span> </span>(0,5-11)<span> </span>(0,5-10)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan:<span> </span>10.000 N/<sup>mm3<span> </span></sup>50 N/<sup>mm3</sup><span> </span>500 N/<sup>mm3</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembesaran:<span> </span>40 kali<span> </span>10 Kali<span> </span>40 kali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HITUNG JENIS LEKOSIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat hapusan darah terlebih dahulu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat hapusan darah yang baik:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 106.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjang hapusan 1/3-2/3 panjang kaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 106.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tepi hapusan tidak boleh berlubang dan bergaris.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 106.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lekosit harus tersebar rata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 106.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eritosit saling bertumpukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai normal :Ec / Ba /Stab /Seg /Ly /Mo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>1-3<span> </span>0-1<span> </span>2-6<span> </span>50-70 20-40 2-8%</span></div>StephanusRiovandyChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02199079841807040371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7841256485886834657.post-68125234163813079892011-06-21T19:19:00.007-07:002011-06-21T19:19:50.601-07:00Pemeriksaan Urine<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN URINE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksaan pada urine meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik urine :jumlah, Ph, warna, bau, dan kekeruhan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kimia urine :protein, glukosa, ketonbodies, bilirubin, urobilin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan mikrokopis :pemeriksaan sedimen urine.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan bakteriologi :kultur, kepekaan antibiotic.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN FISIK URINE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.JUMLAH/ VOLUME URINE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada keadaan normal volume urine selama 24 jam adalah : 600-1600 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikatakan OLIGOURI bila volume mencapai :100-600 ml/24 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikatakan ANURI, bila volume mencapai kurang atau sama dengan 100ml/ 24 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarny volume urine seseorang amat tergantung pada :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Intake cairan : makan/minum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehilangan cairan : keringat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu badan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu sekitarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab terjadinya oligouri adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.FAKTOR RENAL:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akut tubulair nekrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akut glomerula nekrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.FAKTOR NON RENAL.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan intake cairan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kehilangan cairan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Penyebab terjadinya POLIURI.:(produksi urine> 2500 ml/24 jam).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kronik Renal Dieses.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Insipidus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Polydipsi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat diuretika.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal , volume urine pada siang hari > malam hari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume urine malam hari dapat > siang hari pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulo Tubulair Dieses yang berat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pada absorbs usus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ADISON DISEASES.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.DERAJAD KEASAMAN URINE (PH)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal, PH urine berkisar antara : 4,6-8,0 dengan rata-rata : 6,5.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi urine berada dalam keadaan sedikit asam pada keadaan NORMAL.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pemeriksaan derajad keasaman urine ini harus dipakai urne yang segar (baru).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena urine yang telah lama derajad keasamannya akan berubah menjadi alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang telah dikeluarkan dari tubuh, maka ammonium yang terkandung didalamnya akan diubah oleh bakteri dalam urine menjadi amoniak yang bersifat alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa keadaan yang dapat membuat urine menjadi asam adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Acidosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelaparan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diarrhea.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Mullitus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa keadaan yang dapat membuat urine menjadi alkalis adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkalosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muntah-muntah yang hebat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi saluran kencing (UTK).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan derajad keasaman urine ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas lakmus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PH meter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.PERIKSAAN JENIS URINE </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal : 1,003-1,030, rata-rata 1,020.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis urine tertinggi terdapat pada urine pertama pagi hari, sedangkan berat jenis terendah terdapat dalam urine yang dihasilkan 1 jam setelah intake cairan yang cukup banyak. Berat jenis ini memberikan gambaran tentang fungsi dari tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ISOSTHENURI : Suatu keadaan dimana berat jenis urine seseorang selalu tetap 1,010 sepanjang hari, yaitu sama dengan berat jenis protein free plasma. Keadaan ini terjadi pada penderita penyakit ginjal yang kronis dan berat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik pemeriksaan fungsi urine :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan memakai alat UROMETER atau URINOMETER.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan menggunakan metode CARIK CELUP.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.WARNA URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal :urine berwarna kuning muda hingga tua.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan warna urine dapat terjadi karena :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEADAAN NON PATHOLOGIS :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya disebabkan oleh makanan / obat-obatan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>MERAH :wortel, phenophtalin, selenium.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>KUNING :Karoten, Xantonin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>HIJAU :Acriflavin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>BIRU :Methylen blue.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEADAAN PATHOLOGIS :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuning coklat seperti teh: Bilirubun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah coklat <span> </span>:Urobilin, Porphyrin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Putih seperti susu :Pus, Fat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Coklat kehitaman : Melamin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah berkabut coklat :Darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.BAU URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang segar / baru biasanya tidak berbau keras / menyengat, tetapi pada urine yang telah lama dikeluarkan dari tubuh, uranium yang terkandung didalamnya akan di ubah menjadi amoniak oleh bakteri yang ada dalam urine, sehingga menimbulkan bau yang keras/ menyengat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan pathologis urine dapat berbau :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIS : Biasanya disebabkan oleh adanya Acetone, misalnya pada koma diabetic.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BUSUK : Biasanya disebabkan oleh adanya infeksi, misalnya pada cystitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.KEKERUHAN URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal, urine yang baru berwana jernih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekeruhan dapat terjadi oleh karena :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Phosphate : Biasanya berwarna putih, dan akan hilang bila di tetesi asam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Urat Amorph : Biasanya berwarna kuning coklat dan didapatkan pada urine yang asam, dan bila dipanaskan akan menghilang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanah / Pus : Biasanya berwarna putih keruh seperti susu, tetapi bila di saring akan kembali jernih. Bila kekeruhan di sebabkan oleh kuman, maka bila di saring urine akan tetep keruh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN KIMIA URINE</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.PROTEIN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab dari proteinun<span> </span>(adanya protein dalam urine) adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.Faktor Pre Glomerulus :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Bila di dapatkan peningkatan kadar protein dengan berat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Molekul < albumin misalnya :Hb, Benceb Jones protein.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.Faktor Glomerulus :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan pada pori glomerulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Peningkatan permeabilitas protein.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kebocoran kapile –NEPHROTIK SYNDROME</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Proliferasi endotel-GLOMERULONEPHRITIS<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kerusakan pediele-IDIOPHATIK NEPHROSIS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">111.Faktor Tubulus :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan reabsorbsi protein </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan sel </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan peredaran darah </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kelainan ginjal,hamper selalu disertai proteinuri ,tetapi proteinuri tidak selalu disebabkan oleh karena penyakit ginjal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan tekanan darah ,anemi,bendungan vena,dapat menyebabkan terjadinya proteinuri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derajat proteinuri:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>BERAT:bila proteinuri>4 gram protein/hari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>-Nepharotik Syndrome </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Glomerulo Nephorotik Akut dan Kronis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Lupus Nephritis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>SEDANG:bila proteionuri 0,5- 4 gram protein/hari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Kebanyakan penyakit ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Nephrosklerosis Pyelonepharitis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Preelampsi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>RINGAN:bila proteinuri<0.5 gram protein/ hari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Pyelonephritis kronis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Polyeystik kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Orthostastik proteinuri </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.GLUKOSA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal urine mengandung 100-200 mg/24 jam bahan reduktor .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk dalam bahan reduktor adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>1.GLUKOSA ,GALAKTOSA ,FRUKTOSA ,LAKTOSA .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>2,ASCORBICACID ,KREATININ ,URIC ACID<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3.Obat obatan:SALISILAT ,AMIDOPHYLLIN ,CHLORALHIDRAT ,PARALDHEDIT </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glukosa(adanya glukosa didalam urine )dapat terjadi bila:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Jumlah glukosa yang difiltrasi glomerlus>reabsorbsi tubalus </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Reabsorbsi tubulus menurun </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terjadi kerusakan glomerulus ,maka reabsorbsi tubulus akan ditingkatkan sehinnga tterjadi glikosuri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glikosuri dapat terjadi pada keadaan : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Diabetes mellitus </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>-Allimentary glkkosuri (banyak maka gula)<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Renal glikosuri (banyak makan gula).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Nephrotik syndrome.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Trauma pada susunan syaraf pusat (SSP).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Pemberian glukosa secara iv.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mendeteksi adanya glukosa dalam urine dipakai test FEHLING.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-Biru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+Hijau keruh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">++Hijau kuning.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+++Kuning merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">++++Merah bata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.KETON BODIES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keton bodies ini terdiri dari :beta hidroksi butyric acid, acctoacctic acid, dan acctone.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat keton bodies pada urine terjadi pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Mellitus yang tak terkontrol.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelaparan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dehidrasi dan muntah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja keras.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara yang dingin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila metabolism karbohidrat terganggu, maka terjadi pembakaran protein dan lemak sebagai penggantinya. Atom karbon (C) dari protein dan lemak inilah yang akan berubah menjadi keton bodies dan dikeluarkan melalui urine.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.BILIRUBIN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terdapat bilirubin didalam urine berarti ini berasal dari peningkatan conyugated bilirubun di dalam darah. Hal ini dapat terjadi pada :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Obtruksi extra hepatic.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Hepatitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Kerusakan sel hepar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.UROBILIN </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan bilirubin diatas, maka dalam keadaan normal pun urobilin terdapat di dalam urine, tapi dalam jumlah yang terbatas, yaitu 4 mg /hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah urine dikeluarkan dari tubuh kita, beberapa jam kemudian urobilinogen akan berubah menjadi urobilin oleh adanya cahaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadarnya di dalam urine akan meningkat pada :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Hemolitik Sel Darah Merah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Parechym Renal Dieses.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Obstruksi saluran empedu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN SEDIMEN URINE (MIKROSKOPIS)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pemeriksaan sediment urine ini diperlukan urine yang baru, kemudian dilakukan sentrifugasi dengan kecepatan sekitar 2000rpm, selama 5 menit. Supernatanya dibuang dan disisakan dengan memakai kurang lebih 1 cm bagian bawahnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambil kira-kira satu tetes dari bagian endapan tersebut dan diteteskan pada sebuah obyek glass, kemudian tutup dengan civer glass dan diperiksa di bawah mikroskop dengan memakai pembesaran kecil terlebih dahulu dan dilanjutkan dengan pembesaran yang lebih besar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksud dilakukan sentikugrasi tersebut adalah agar sel-sel atau bentukan-bentukan yang ada dalam urine dapat mengendap dan mengumpul di bagian bawah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan-bentukan yang ada pada sedimen urine biasanya berupa :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.ORGANIS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cast / silinder /torak: hyaline, epithel, dan darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Epithel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Lekosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yeast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakteri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parasit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fibrin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.ANORGANIS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan Amorph :K, Na, Ca, Mg, dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal<span> </span>:Oksalat, uric acid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.TORAK/CAST/SILINDER</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya torak/cast/silinder ini berasal dari pengendapan protein atau pengumpulan bahan lain dalam saluran tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torak ini berbentuk silinder oleh karena terjadinya didalam lumen tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torak ini dibagi lagi berdasarkan komposisi dan asal menjadi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline cast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Epithel cast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blood cast.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Hyalin cast.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini terjadi karena endapan didalam lumen tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutdidalam air, dan akan lebih mudah larut lagi bila urine bersifat alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang telah lama, uranium yang terkandung didalamnya akan diubah menjadi amoniak oleh adanya bakteri dalam urine tersebut, sehingga urine menjadi lebih alkalis dan hyaline ada akan larut dan tak tampak lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi untuk melihat hyaline ini diperlukan urine yang baru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut isinya, hyaline ini dapat dibagi lagi menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simple hyaline cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya berisikan endapan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline cellulair cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berisi sel epithel, eritrosit, dan lekosit dengan batas sel yang masih jelas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline granulair cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila sel-sel yang terkandung didalamnya rusakdan tinggal intinya saja yang berupa granulair cellulair debris.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline fat cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengandung butiran lemak. Biasanya terjadi pada degenerasi tubuh dengan lemak didalamnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Epithel cast</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini tidak mengandung protein didalamnya, tetapi hanya berisikan sel-sel epithel yang lepas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semula batas sel epithel ini tampak jelas, dan ini disebut CELLUAIR CAST. Berikutnya sel menjadi rusak, dan batas sel menjadi tidak jelas, dan terbentuk granula yang kasar, dan ini disebut :CLOSELY GRANULAIR CAST. Berikutnya lagi, granula itu menjadi lebih halus dan disebut :FINELY GRANULAIR CAST.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhirnya granula itu menjadi homogeny dan ini disebut : WAXY CAST.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3.Blood cast</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Terdapat 2 macam blood cast yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RBC CAST (Red Blood Cell Cast) :disini batas antar sel tampak jelas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRUE BLOOD CAST : disini batas sel tidak tampak jelas, sehingga tampak homogen dan berwarna merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini biasanya terjadi karena adanya keradangan pada glomerulus, yaitu pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomeruloneprothis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periarteritis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Toxic nephrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ischema Syndrome.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blood cast ini terdapat dalam dua macam bentuk yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 146.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BROAD CAST<span> </span>: Bila bentukan terjadi pada tubulus yang lebar, yaitu sekitar ductus colligentes.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 146.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NARROW CAST<span> </span>:Bila bentukan ini terjadi pada tubulus yang sempit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.SEL DARAH MERAH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal terdapat 2-3 sel darah merah / lpb (lapangan pandang besar)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terdapat banyak sel darah merah, maka hal ini disebut sebagai : HAEMATURI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya hal ini disebabkan pada :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulonephrotis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma pada ginjal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ceremoma kandung kencing (Ca Bladder).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi kandung kencing.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit kelainan darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hypertensi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.SEL EPITHEL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang masih baru / segar, kita dapat membedakan darimana epithel tersebut berasal :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel kuboid :biasanya berasal dari kandumg seni.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel silinder :biasanya berasal dari tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel Squamos:biasanya berasal dari vagina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.SEL DARAH PUTIH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal biasanya hanya terdapat 4-5 sel darah putih /lpb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan sel darah putih ini dapat terjadi pada :infeksi saluran kencing, atau pada pyelonerphritis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.OVAL FAT BODIES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberadaannya didalam urine biasanya bersama dengan Fatty Cast dan menunjukkan adanya kelainan pada tubulus. <span> </span></span></div>StephanusRiovandyChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02199079841807040371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7841256485886834657.post-9152200910914947882011-06-21T19:19:00.003-07:002011-06-21T19:19:18.345-07:00Pemeriksaan Urine<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN URINE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksaan pada urine meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik urine :jumlah, Ph, warna, bau, dan kekeruhan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kimia urine :protein, glukosa, ketonbodies, bilirubin, urobilin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan mikrokopis :pemeriksaan sedimen urine.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan bakteriologi :kultur, kepekaan antibiotic.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN FISIK URINE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.JUMLAH/ VOLUME URINE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada keadaan normal volume urine selama 24 jam adalah : 600-1600 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikatakan OLIGOURI bila volume mencapai :100-600 ml/24 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikatakan ANURI, bila volume mencapai kurang atau sama dengan 100ml/ 24 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarny volume urine seseorang amat tergantung pada :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Intake cairan : makan/minum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehilangan cairan : keringat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu badan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu sekitarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab terjadinya oligouri adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.FAKTOR RENAL:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akut tubulair nekrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akut glomerula nekrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.FAKTOR NON RENAL.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan intake cairan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kehilangan cairan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Penyebab terjadinya POLIURI.:(produksi urine> 2500 ml/24 jam).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kronik Renal Dieses.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Insipidus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Polydipsi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat diuretika.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal , volume urine pada siang hari > malam hari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume urine malam hari dapat > siang hari pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulo Tubulair Dieses yang berat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pada absorbs usus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ADISON DISEASES.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.DERAJAD KEASAMAN URINE (PH)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal, PH urine berkisar antara : 4,6-8,0 dengan rata-rata : 6,5.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi urine berada dalam keadaan sedikit asam pada keadaan NORMAL.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pemeriksaan derajad keasaman urine ini harus dipakai urne yang segar (baru).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena urine yang telah lama derajad keasamannya akan berubah menjadi alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang telah dikeluarkan dari tubuh, maka ammonium yang terkandung didalamnya akan diubah oleh bakteri dalam urine menjadi amoniak yang bersifat alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa keadaan yang dapat membuat urine menjadi asam adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Acidosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelaparan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diarrhea.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Mullitus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa keadaan yang dapat membuat urine menjadi alkalis adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkalosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muntah-muntah yang hebat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi saluran kencing (UTK).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan derajad keasaman urine ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas lakmus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PH meter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.PERIKSAAN JENIS URINE </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal : 1,003-1,030, rata-rata 1,020.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis urine tertinggi terdapat pada urine pertama pagi hari, sedangkan berat jenis terendah terdapat dalam urine yang dihasilkan 1 jam setelah intake cairan yang cukup banyak. Berat jenis ini memberikan gambaran tentang fungsi dari tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ISOSTHENURI : Suatu keadaan dimana berat jenis urine seseorang selalu tetap 1,010 sepanjang hari, yaitu sama dengan berat jenis protein free plasma. Keadaan ini terjadi pada penderita penyakit ginjal yang kronis dan berat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik pemeriksaan fungsi urine :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan memakai alat UROMETER atau URINOMETER.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan menggunakan metode CARIK CELUP.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.WARNA URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal :urine berwarna kuning muda hingga tua.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan warna urine dapat terjadi karena :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEADAAN NON PATHOLOGIS :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya disebabkan oleh makanan / obat-obatan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>MERAH :wortel, phenophtalin, selenium.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>KUNING :Karoten, Xantonin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>HIJAU :Acriflavin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>BIRU :Methylen blue.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEADAAN PATHOLOGIS :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuning coklat seperti teh: Bilirubun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah coklat <span> </span>:Urobilin, Porphyrin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Putih seperti susu :Pus, Fat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Coklat kehitaman : Melamin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah berkabut coklat :Darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.BAU URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang segar / baru biasanya tidak berbau keras / menyengat, tetapi pada urine yang telah lama dikeluarkan dari tubuh, uranium yang terkandung didalamnya akan di ubah menjadi amoniak oleh bakteri yang ada dalam urine, sehingga menimbulkan bau yang keras/ menyengat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan pathologis urine dapat berbau :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIS : Biasanya disebabkan oleh adanya Acetone, misalnya pada koma diabetic.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BUSUK : Biasanya disebabkan oleh adanya infeksi, misalnya pada cystitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.KEKERUHAN URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal, urine yang baru berwana jernih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekeruhan dapat terjadi oleh karena :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Phosphate : Biasanya berwarna putih, dan akan hilang bila di tetesi asam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Urat Amorph : Biasanya berwarna kuning coklat dan didapatkan pada urine yang asam, dan bila dipanaskan akan menghilang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanah / Pus : Biasanya berwarna putih keruh seperti susu, tetapi bila di saring akan kembali jernih. Bila kekeruhan di sebabkan oleh kuman, maka bila di saring urine akan tetep keruh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN KIMIA URINE</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.PROTEIN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab dari proteinun<span> </span>(adanya protein dalam urine) adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.Faktor Pre Glomerulus :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Bila di dapatkan peningkatan kadar protein dengan berat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Molekul < albumin misalnya :Hb, Benceb Jones protein.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.Faktor Glomerulus :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan pada pori glomerulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Peningkatan permeabilitas protein.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kebocoran kapile –NEPHROTIK SYNDROME</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Proliferasi endotel-GLOMERULONEPHRITIS<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kerusakan pediele-IDIOPHATIK NEPHROSIS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">111.Faktor Tubulus :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan reabsorbsi protein </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan sel </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan peredaran darah </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kelainan ginjal,hamper selalu disertai proteinuri ,tetapi proteinuri tidak selalu disebabkan oleh karena penyakit ginjal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan tekanan darah ,anemi,bendungan vena,dapat menyebabkan terjadinya proteinuri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derajat proteinuri:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>BERAT:bila proteinuri>4 gram protein/hari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>-Nepharotik Syndrome </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Glomerulo Nephorotik Akut dan Kronis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Lupus Nephritis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>SEDANG:bila proteionuri 0,5- 4 gram protein/hari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Kebanyakan penyakit ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Nephrosklerosis Pyelonepharitis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Preelampsi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>RINGAN:bila proteinuri<0.5 gram protein/ hari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Pyelonephritis kronis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Polyeystik kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Orthostastik proteinuri </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.GLUKOSA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal urine mengandung 100-200 mg/24 jam bahan reduktor .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk dalam bahan reduktor adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>1.GLUKOSA ,GALAKTOSA ,FRUKTOSA ,LAKTOSA .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>2,ASCORBICACID ,KREATININ ,URIC ACID<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3.Obat obatan:SALISILAT ,AMIDOPHYLLIN ,CHLORALHIDRAT ,PARALDHEDIT </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glukosa(adanya glukosa didalam urine )dapat terjadi bila:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Jumlah glukosa yang difiltrasi glomerlus>reabsorbsi tubalus </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Reabsorbsi tubulus menurun </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terjadi kerusakan glomerulus ,maka reabsorbsi tubulus akan ditingkatkan sehinnga tterjadi glikosuri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glikosuri dapat terjadi pada keadaan : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Diabetes mellitus </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>-Allimentary glkkosuri (banyak maka gula)<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Renal glikosuri (banyak makan gula).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Nephrotik syndrome.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Trauma pada susunan syaraf pusat (SSP).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Pemberian glukosa secara iv.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mendeteksi adanya glukosa dalam urine dipakai test FEHLING.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-Biru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+Hijau keruh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">++Hijau kuning.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+++Kuning merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">++++Merah bata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.KETON BODIES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keton bodies ini terdiri dari :beta hidroksi butyric acid, acctoacctic acid, dan acctone.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat keton bodies pada urine terjadi pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Mellitus yang tak terkontrol.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelaparan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dehidrasi dan muntah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja keras.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara yang dingin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila metabolism karbohidrat terganggu, maka terjadi pembakaran protein dan lemak sebagai penggantinya. Atom karbon (C) dari protein dan lemak inilah yang akan berubah menjadi keton bodies dan dikeluarkan melalui urine.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.BILIRUBIN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terdapat bilirubin didalam urine berarti ini berasal dari peningkatan conyugated bilirubun di dalam darah. Hal ini dapat terjadi pada :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Obtruksi extra hepatic.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Hepatitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Kerusakan sel hepar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.UROBILIN </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan bilirubin diatas, maka dalam keadaan normal pun urobilin terdapat di dalam urine, tapi dalam jumlah yang terbatas, yaitu 4 mg /hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah urine dikeluarkan dari tubuh kita, beberapa jam kemudian urobilinogen akan berubah menjadi urobilin oleh adanya cahaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadarnya di dalam urine akan meningkat pada :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Hemolitik Sel Darah Merah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Parechym Renal Dieses.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Obstruksi saluran empedu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN SEDIMEN URINE (MIKROSKOPIS)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pemeriksaan sediment urine ini diperlukan urine yang baru, kemudian dilakukan sentrifugasi dengan kecepatan sekitar 2000rpm, selama 5 menit. Supernatanya dibuang dan disisakan dengan memakai kurang lebih 1 cm bagian bawahnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambil kira-kira satu tetes dari bagian endapan tersebut dan diteteskan pada sebuah obyek glass, kemudian tutup dengan civer glass dan diperiksa di bawah mikroskop dengan memakai pembesaran kecil terlebih dahulu dan dilanjutkan dengan pembesaran yang lebih besar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksud dilakukan sentikugrasi tersebut adalah agar sel-sel atau bentukan-bentukan yang ada dalam urine dapat mengendap dan mengumpul di bagian bawah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan-bentukan yang ada pada sedimen urine biasanya berupa :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.ORGANIS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cast / silinder /torak: hyaline, epithel, dan darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Epithel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Lekosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yeast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakteri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parasit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fibrin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.ANORGANIS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan Amorph :K, Na, Ca, Mg, dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal<span> </span>:Oksalat, uric acid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.TORAK/CAST/SILINDER</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya torak/cast/silinder ini berasal dari pengendapan protein atau pengumpulan bahan lain dalam saluran tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torak ini berbentuk silinder oleh karena terjadinya didalam lumen tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torak ini dibagi lagi berdasarkan komposisi dan asal menjadi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline cast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Epithel cast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blood cast.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Hyalin cast.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini terjadi karena endapan didalam lumen tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutdidalam air, dan akan lebih mudah larut lagi bila urine bersifat alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang telah lama, uranium yang terkandung didalamnya akan diubah menjadi amoniak oleh adanya bakteri dalam urine tersebut, sehingga urine menjadi lebih alkalis dan hyaline ada akan larut dan tak tampak lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi untuk melihat hyaline ini diperlukan urine yang baru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut isinya, hyaline ini dapat dibagi lagi menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simple hyaline cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya berisikan endapan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline cellulair cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berisi sel epithel, eritrosit, dan lekosit dengan batas sel yang masih jelas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline granulair cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila sel-sel yang terkandung didalamnya rusakdan tinggal intinya saja yang berupa granulair cellulair debris.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline fat cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengandung butiran lemak. Biasanya terjadi pada degenerasi tubuh dengan lemak didalamnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Epithel cast</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini tidak mengandung protein didalamnya, tetapi hanya berisikan sel-sel epithel yang lepas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semula batas sel epithel ini tampak jelas, dan ini disebut CELLUAIR CAST. Berikutnya sel menjadi rusak, dan batas sel menjadi tidak jelas, dan terbentuk granula yang kasar, dan ini disebut :CLOSELY GRANULAIR CAST. Berikutnya lagi, granula itu menjadi lebih halus dan disebut :FINELY GRANULAIR CAST.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhirnya granula itu menjadi homogeny dan ini disebut : WAXY CAST.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3.Blood cast</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Terdapat 2 macam blood cast yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RBC CAST (Red Blood Cell Cast) :disini batas antar sel tampak jelas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRUE BLOOD CAST : disini batas sel tidak tampak jelas, sehingga tampak homogen dan berwarna merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini biasanya terjadi karena adanya keradangan pada glomerulus, yaitu pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomeruloneprothis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periarteritis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Toxic nephrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ischema Syndrome.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blood cast ini terdapat dalam dua macam bentuk yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 146.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BROAD CAST<span> </span>: Bila bentukan terjadi pada tubulus yang lebar, yaitu sekitar ductus colligentes.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 146.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NARROW CAST<span> </span>:Bila bentukan ini terjadi pada tubulus yang sempit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.SEL DARAH MERAH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal terdapat 2-3 sel darah merah / lpb (lapangan pandang besar)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terdapat banyak sel darah merah, maka hal ini disebut sebagai : HAEMATURI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya hal ini disebabkan pada :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulonephrotis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma pada ginjal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ceremoma kandung kencing (Ca Bladder).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi kandung kencing.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit kelainan darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hypertensi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.SEL EPITHEL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang masih baru / segar, kita dapat membedakan darimana epithel tersebut berasal :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel kuboid :biasanya berasal dari kandumg seni.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel silinder :biasanya berasal dari tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel Squamos:biasanya berasal dari vagina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.SEL DARAH PUTIH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal biasanya hanya terdapat 4-5 sel darah putih /lpb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan sel darah putih ini dapat terjadi pada :infeksi saluran kencing, atau pada pyelonerphritis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.OVAL FAT BODIES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberadaannya didalam urine biasanya bersama dengan Fatty Cast dan menunjukkan adanya kelainan pada tubulus. <span> </span></span></div>StephanusRiovandyChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02199079841807040371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7841256485886834657.post-83726037075759243822011-06-21T19:17:00.000-07:002011-06-21T19:17:09.395-07:00Pemeriksaan Urine<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN URINE</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksaan pada urine meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik urine :jumlah, Ph, warna, bau, dan kekeruhan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan kimia urine :protein, glukosa, ketonbodies, bilirubin, urobilin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan mikrokopis :pemeriksaan sedimen urine.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan bakteriologi :kultur, kepekaan antibiotic.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN FISIK URINE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.JUMLAH/ VOLUME URINE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada keadaan normal volume urine selama 24 jam adalah : 600-1600 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikatakan OLIGOURI bila volume mencapai :100-600 ml/24 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikatakan ANURI, bila volume mencapai kurang atau sama dengan 100ml/ 24 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarny volume urine seseorang amat tergantung pada :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Intake cairan : makan/minum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehilangan cairan : keringat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu badan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu sekitarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab terjadinya oligouri adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.FAKTOR RENAL:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akut tubulair nekrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akut glomerula nekrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.FAKTOR NON RENAL.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan intake cairan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kehilangan cairan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Penyebab terjadinya POLIURI.:(produksi urine> 2500 ml/24 jam).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kronik Renal Dieses.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Insipidus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Polydipsi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat diuretika.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal , volume urine pada siang hari > malam hari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume urine malam hari dapat > siang hari pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulo Tubulair Dieses yang berat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pada absorbs usus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ADISON DISEASES.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.DERAJAD KEASAMAN URINE (PH)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal, PH urine berkisar antara : 4,6-8,0 dengan rata-rata : 6,5.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi urine berada dalam keadaan sedikit asam pada keadaan NORMAL.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pemeriksaan derajad keasaman urine ini harus dipakai urne yang segar (baru).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena urine yang telah lama derajad keasamannya akan berubah menjadi alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang telah dikeluarkan dari tubuh, maka ammonium yang terkandung didalamnya akan diubah oleh bakteri dalam urine menjadi amoniak yang bersifat alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa keadaan yang dapat membuat urine menjadi asam adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Acidosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelaparan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diarrhea.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Mullitus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa keadaan yang dapat membuat urine menjadi alkalis adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkalosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muntah-muntah yang hebat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi saluran kencing (UTK).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan derajad keasaman urine ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas lakmus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PH meter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.PERIKSAAN JENIS URINE </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal : 1,003-1,030, rata-rata 1,020.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis urine tertinggi terdapat pada urine pertama pagi hari, sedangkan berat jenis terendah terdapat dalam urine yang dihasilkan 1 jam setelah intake cairan yang cukup banyak. Berat jenis ini memberikan gambaran tentang fungsi dari tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ISOSTHENURI : Suatu keadaan dimana berat jenis urine seseorang selalu tetap 1,010 sepanjang hari, yaitu sama dengan berat jenis protein free plasma. Keadaan ini terjadi pada penderita penyakit ginjal yang kronis dan berat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik pemeriksaan fungsi urine :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan memakai alat UROMETER atau URINOMETER.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan menggunakan metode CARIK CELUP.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.WARNA URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal :urine berwarna kuning muda hingga tua.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan warna urine dapat terjadi karena :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEADAAN NON PATHOLOGIS :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya disebabkan oleh makanan / obat-obatan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>MERAH :wortel, phenophtalin, selenium.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>KUNING :Karoten, Xantonin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>HIJAU :Acriflavin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>BIRU :Methylen blue.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KEADAAN PATHOLOGIS :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuning coklat seperti teh: Bilirubun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah coklat <span> </span>:Urobilin, Porphyrin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Putih seperti susu :Pus, Fat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Coklat kehitaman : Melamin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah berkabut coklat :Darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.BAU URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang segar / baru biasanya tidak berbau keras / menyengat, tetapi pada urine yang telah lama dikeluarkan dari tubuh, uranium yang terkandung didalamnya akan di ubah menjadi amoniak oleh bakteri yang ada dalam urine, sehingga menimbulkan bau yang keras/ menyengat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan pathologis urine dapat berbau :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIS : Biasanya disebabkan oleh adanya Acetone, misalnya pada koma diabetic.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BUSUK : Biasanya disebabkan oleh adanya infeksi, misalnya pada cystitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.KEKERUHAN URINE</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal, urine yang baru berwana jernih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekeruhan dapat terjadi oleh karena :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Phosphate : Biasanya berwarna putih, dan akan hilang bila di tetesi asam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Urat Amorph : Biasanya berwarna kuning coklat dan didapatkan pada urine yang asam, dan bila dipanaskan akan menghilang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanah / Pus : Biasanya berwarna putih keruh seperti susu, tetapi bila di saring akan kembali jernih. Bila kekeruhan di sebabkan oleh kuman, maka bila di saring urine akan tetep keruh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN KIMIA URINE</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.PROTEIN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab dari proteinun<span> </span>(adanya protein dalam urine) adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.Faktor Pre Glomerulus :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Bila di dapatkan peningkatan kadar protein dengan berat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Molekul < albumin misalnya :Hb, Benceb Jones protein.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.Faktor Glomerulus :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan pada pori glomerulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Peningkatan permeabilitas protein.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kebocoran kapile –NEPHROTIK SYNDROME</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Proliferasi endotel-GLOMERULONEPHRITIS<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kerusakan pediele-IDIOPHATIK NEPHROSIS</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">111.Faktor Tubulus :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan reabsorbsi protein </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan sel </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Gangguan peredaran darah </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kelainan ginjal,hamper selalu disertai proteinuri ,tetapi proteinuri tidak selalu disebabkan oleh karena penyakit ginjal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan tekanan darah ,anemi,bendungan vena,dapat menyebabkan terjadinya proteinuri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derajat proteinuri:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>BERAT:bila proteinuri>4 gram protein/hari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>-Nepharotik Syndrome </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Glomerulo Nephorotik Akut dan Kronis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Lupus Nephritis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>SEDANG:bila proteionuri 0,5- 4 gram protein/hari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Kebanyakan penyakit ginjal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Nephrosklerosis Pyelonepharitis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Preelampsi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>RINGAN:bila proteinuri<0.5 gram protein/ hari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Pyelonephritis kronis </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Polyeystik kidney</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Orthostastik proteinuri </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.GLUKOSA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal urine mengandung 100-200 mg/24 jam bahan reduktor .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk dalam bahan reduktor adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>1.GLUKOSA ,GALAKTOSA ,FRUKTOSA ,LAKTOSA .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>2,ASCORBICACID ,KREATININ ,URIC ACID<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3.Obat obatan:SALISILAT ,AMIDOPHYLLIN ,CHLORALHIDRAT ,PARALDHEDIT </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glukosa(adanya glukosa didalam urine )dapat terjadi bila:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Jumlah glukosa yang difiltrasi glomerlus>reabsorbsi tubalus </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Reabsorbsi tubulus menurun </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terjadi kerusakan glomerulus ,maka reabsorbsi tubulus akan ditingkatkan sehinnga tterjadi glikosuri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glikosuri dapat terjadi pada keadaan : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Diabetes mellitus </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>-Allimentary glkkosuri (banyak maka gula)<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Renal glikosuri (banyak makan gula).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Nephrotik syndrome.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Trauma pada susunan syaraf pusat (SSP).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>-Pemberian glukosa secara iv.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mendeteksi adanya glukosa dalam urine dipakai test FEHLING.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-Biru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+Hijau keruh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">++Hijau kuning.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+++Kuning merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">++++Merah bata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.KETON BODIES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keton bodies ini terdiri dari :beta hidroksi butyric acid, acctoacctic acid, dan acctone.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat keton bodies pada urine terjadi pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes Mellitus yang tak terkontrol.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelaparan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dehidrasi dan muntah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja keras.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara yang dingin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila metabolism karbohidrat terganggu, maka terjadi pembakaran protein dan lemak sebagai penggantinya. Atom karbon (C) dari protein dan lemak inilah yang akan berubah menjadi keton bodies dan dikeluarkan melalui urine.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.BILIRUBIN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terdapat bilirubin didalam urine berarti ini berasal dari peningkatan conyugated bilirubun di dalam darah. Hal ini dapat terjadi pada :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Obtruksi extra hepatic.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Hepatitis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Kerusakan sel hepar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.UROBILIN </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan bilirubin diatas, maka dalam keadaan normal pun urobilin terdapat di dalam urine, tapi dalam jumlah yang terbatas, yaitu 4 mg /hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah urine dikeluarkan dari tubuh kita, beberapa jam kemudian urobilinogen akan berubah menjadi urobilin oleh adanya cahaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadarnya di dalam urine akan meningkat pada :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Hemolitik Sel Darah Merah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Parechym Renal Dieses.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>#Obstruksi saluran empedu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN SEDIMEN URINE (MIKROSKOPIS)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pemeriksaan sediment urine ini diperlukan urine yang baru, kemudian dilakukan sentrifugasi dengan kecepatan sekitar 2000rpm, selama 5 menit. Supernatanya dibuang dan disisakan dengan memakai kurang lebih 1 cm bagian bawahnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambil kira-kira satu tetes dari bagian endapan tersebut dan diteteskan pada sebuah obyek glass, kemudian tutup dengan civer glass dan diperiksa di bawah mikroskop dengan memakai pembesaran kecil terlebih dahulu dan dilanjutkan dengan pembesaran yang lebih besar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksud dilakukan sentikugrasi tersebut adalah agar sel-sel atau bentukan-bentukan yang ada dalam urine dapat mengendap dan mengumpul di bagian bawah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan-bentukan yang ada pada sedimen urine biasanya berupa :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.ORGANIS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cast / silinder /torak: hyaline, epithel, dan darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Epithel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Lekosit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yeast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sperma.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakteri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parasit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fibrin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.ANORGANIS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan Amorph :K, Na, Ca, Mg, dsb.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal<span> </span>:Oksalat, uric acid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.TORAK/CAST/SILINDER</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya torak/cast/silinder ini berasal dari pengendapan protein atau pengumpulan bahan lain dalam saluran tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torak ini berbentuk silinder oleh karena terjadinya didalam lumen tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torak ini dibagi lagi berdasarkan komposisi dan asal menjadi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline cast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Epithel cast.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blood cast.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Hyalin cast.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini terjadi karena endapan didalam lumen tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutdidalam air, dan akan lebih mudah larut lagi bila urine bersifat alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang telah lama, uranium yang terkandung didalamnya akan diubah menjadi amoniak oleh adanya bakteri dalam urine tersebut, sehingga urine menjadi lebih alkalis dan hyaline ada akan larut dan tak tampak lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi untuk melihat hyaline ini diperlukan urine yang baru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut isinya, hyaline ini dapat dibagi lagi menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simple hyaline cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya berisikan endapan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline cellulair cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berisi sel epithel, eritrosit, dan lekosit dengan batas sel yang masih jelas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline granulair cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila sel-sel yang terkandung didalamnya rusakdan tinggal intinya saja yang berupa granulair cellulair debris.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hyaline fat cast</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengandung butiran lemak. Biasanya terjadi pada degenerasi tubuh dengan lemak didalamnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Epithel cast</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini tidak mengandung protein didalamnya, tetapi hanya berisikan sel-sel epithel yang lepas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semula batas sel epithel ini tampak jelas, dan ini disebut CELLUAIR CAST. Berikutnya sel menjadi rusak, dan batas sel menjadi tidak jelas, dan terbentuk granula yang kasar, dan ini disebut :CLOSELY GRANULAIR CAST. Berikutnya lagi, granula itu menjadi lebih halus dan disebut :FINELY GRANULAIR CAST.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhirnya granula itu menjadi homogeny dan ini disebut : WAXY CAST.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>3.Blood cast</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Terdapat 2 macam blood cast yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RBC CAST (Red Blood Cell Cast) :disini batas antar sel tampak jelas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TRUE BLOOD CAST : disini batas sel tidak tampak jelas, sehingga tampak homogen dan berwarna merah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentukan ini biasanya terjadi karena adanya keradangan pada glomerulus, yaitu pada keadaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomeruloneprothis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periarteritis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Toxic nephrosis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ischema Syndrome.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blood cast ini terdapat dalam dua macam bentuk yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 146.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BROAD CAST<span> </span>: Bila bentukan terjadi pada tubulus yang lebar, yaitu sekitar ductus colligentes.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 146.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NARROW CAST<span> </span>:Bila bentukan ini terjadi pada tubulus yang sempit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.SEL DARAH MERAH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal terdapat 2-3 sel darah merah / lpb (lapangan pandang besar)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terdapat banyak sel darah merah, maka hal ini disebut sebagai : HAEMATURI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya hal ini disebabkan pada :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulonephrotis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma pada ginjal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ceremoma kandung kencing (Ca Bladder).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi kandung kencing.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit kelainan darah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hypertensi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.SEL EPITHEL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada urine yang masih baru / segar, kita dapat membedakan darimana epithel tersebut berasal :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel kuboid :biasanya berasal dari kandumg seni.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel silinder :biasanya berasal dari tubulus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.45pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk sel epithel Squamos:biasanya berasal dari vagina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.SEL DARAH PUTIH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam keadaan normal biasanya hanya terdapat 4-5 sel darah putih /lpb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan sel darah putih ini dapat terjadi pada :infeksi saluran kencing, atau pada pyelonerphritis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.OVAL FAT BODIES</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberadaannya didalam urine biasanya bersama dengan Fatty Cast dan menunjukkan adanya kelainan pada tubulus. <span> </span></span></div>StephanusRiovandyChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02199079841807040371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7841256485886834657.post-30554248096496420072011-06-21T18:55:00.001-07:002011-06-21T18:55:03.773-07:00StephanusRiovandyChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02199079841807040371noreply@blogger.com0